Sam is Head of Technology at EA Funds, and an EA Funds co-founder, building the first version of EA Funds at Y Combinator in 2017. Sam previously worked at the [Centre for Effective Altruism](https://www.centreforeffectivealtruism.org) and [Giving What We Can](https://www.givingwhatwecan.org), and as a political advisor in the Australian Federal Government.

Head of Technology

Effective Altruism Funds

Sam Deere headshot

Sam Deere

[Jonas](https://www.linkedin.com/in/jonasvollmer/) is as an advisor at EA Funds. He currently serves as the Chief Operating Officer at the [AI Futures Project](https://ai-futures.org/) and the Director of [Macroscopic Ventures](https://macroscopic.org/). He co-founded the [Atlas Fellowship](https://www.atlasfellowship.org/), a program for talented young people, and previously led EA Funds as its Executive Director. He also co-founded and led the [Center on Long-Term Risk](https://web.archive.org/web/20220207010703mp_/https:/longtermrisk.org/), a research group and grantmaker aiming to reduce long-term risks from artificial intelligence. He holds degrees in medicine and economics with a focus on public choice, health economics, and development economics. He previously ran a ballot initiative that [doubled Zurich's development aid](https://web.archive.org/web/20220206055332mp_/https:/forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/dTdSnbBB2g65b2Fb9/eaf-s-ballot-initiative-doubled-zurich-s-development-aid), helped launch an ongoing [campaign](https://web.archive.org/web/20220206055332mp_/https:/www.swissinfo.ch/eng/animal-rights_swiss-to-vote-on-banning-factory-farming/45233958) to ban factory farming in Switzerland, and played a key part in establishing the effective altruism community in continental Europe.

Fund Advisor at Effective Altruism Infrastructure and Long-Term Future Fund

AI Futures Project

Jonas Vollmer headshot

Jonas Vollmer

Stock price indicator on computer screen

Why you should give to a donor lottery this Giving Season

Money, Calculator, and Notepad

**TL;DR:** If you expect a non-tax-deductible donation opportunity to be ≥2x times more impactful than one that you could claim a tax deduction on, you should probably choose the higher-impact option and forego the tax deduction.

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Claiming a tax deduction on your donations allows you to effectively increase your overall income, in the form of a tax return. This additional income can then potentially be also donated, increasing your overall impact^[In the United Kingdom this process is effectively automated via the Gift Aid scheme, where instead of receiving a tax return, the charity instead claims the money directly.].

Unfortunately, not all charities (or giving opportunities in general) are tax deductible. 

Sometimes a charity doesn’t have a tax-deductible entity in your jurisdiction. For example, while [Effective Altruism Australia](https://effectivealtruism.org.au/) (EAA) has done great work making a number of GiveWell top charities tax deductible in Australia, it is (to the best of my understanding) legally constrained from regranting to charities working in other cause areas, such as those promoting longtermist or EA meta work.

Additionally, many promising projects (even those based in the same country) aren’t conducted by registered charities at all, e.g. commissioning independent research, funding a new (i.e. as-yet-unregistered) high-impact charity, providing stipends to talented students, etc.

I’d guess that many donors’ first instinct is to look for tax-deductible giving opportunities. But I’d like to argue that donors may end up having more impact foregoing the tax deduction, and simply donating to the project that they believe to be most impactful, even if this means that their overall donation amount is smaller.

(For the purpose of this piece I’ll assume that the primary purpose of seeking a tax deduction is to increase your net income, or your net donations, and ignore other reasons for doing so.)^[E.g. donors using ‘tax deductibility’ as a proxy for ‘this organisation has been deemed legitimate by the government and probably passed an audit’; donors who are constrained to donating to tax deductible orgs because their funds are coming from a Donor Advised Fund or workplace giving scheme etc.]

Let’s consider a hypothetical donor with a marginal tax rate (MTR) of 25%. In the donor’s country, Charity A is the most effective donation opportunity. However, there is another charity, Charity B, which operates in a different country, which the donor considers to be twice as effective as Charity A. Let’s baseline to Charity A, and say that they produce one unit of impact for every $100 they receive.

**Scenario 1:** the donor donates $100 to Charity A, and claims the tax deduction, which is worth $25. The donor has purchased one unit of impact, for a net cost of $75 ^[I’ve chosen to ignore the case where the donor reinvests the tax deduction as a donation, but the math works out the same. In Scenario 1, the donor purchases 1.25 units of impact for $100 net, in Scenario 2 the donor purchases 2 units of impact for $100 net.].

**Scenario 2:** the donor donates $75 to Charity B. Ignoring  transaction costs, foreign exchange rates etc., the donor has purchased 1.5 units of impact for the same net cost of $75. 

Foregoing the tax deduction allows our hypothetical donor to have 50% more impact overall for the same net cost.

I believe this presents a compelling case that effective altruists should focus considerably more on the impact of their donation rather than the potential for tax deductibility as the key determinant of where they donate.

It’s not always easy to know (or even guess at) the relative impact of two different giving opportunities. However, it’s not necessary that you know the exact multiplier. All that matters is believing that the multiplier is sufficiently large. At normal tax rates^[Most people (in countries that have income tax) have a marginal tax rate that is [under 50%](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tax_rates), with a couple of exceptions. I’m only considering income tax here (as that’s the portion of tax burden actually impacted by tax deductibility) as opposed to [effective marginal tax rates from the perspective of increases to salary](https://taxfoundation.org/taxing-high-income-2019/).], an estimated impact multiplier of between 1.1x and 2x (which seems very plausible) is sufficient to break even. Even assuming a very high theoretical MTR of 80% only requires a ~5x multiplier to break even. I’ve calculated the break-even points in the chart below, factoring in forex/transaction costs ([source](https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Eg8_aUHk0wTalNbvuHTo9vw9OHimwJl7LshCc7Ee3EM/edit?usp=sharing))^[This chart assumes a foreign exchange loss of 3% of donation value. On the $10 donation, it assumes a transaction cost of 2% (comparable to expected credit card processing fees), on the $1k and $100k donations it assumes a $25 transaction fee, which is typical of a bank wire transfer in the US (SEPA transaction costs would be much lower). In reality this could be smaller if you used a dedicated forex broker like TransferWise. It also assumes that there are no transaction costs for donating in-country, which may not be realistic.].

![](https://39669.cdn.cke-cs.com/cgyAlfpLFBBiEjoXacnz/images/f10a6f485aad34beb4a713cb81a0d0d7b99b88244d0518a5.png)

It’s very plausible to me that, for many donors, there exist non-tax-deductible donation opportunities that beat this break-even point considerably. [Typical donors think that the impact difference between different charities is around 1.5x, when in reality this is closer to 5x-100x](http://journal.sjdm.org/20/200504/jdm200504.pdf), and it’s a commonly-held view in EA that the best giving opportunities [may be tens or even hundreds of times more impactful than the average](https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1016/bb6788716e7b489c08853ce64f0063870a4b.pdf).

Obviously, the ideal case is that we, as a community, expand tax deductibility for highly impactful projects to as wide a range of countries as possible. Unfortunately this is often fraught with legal complications. Most tax authorities (in my experience) don’t look particularly favourably on pure pass-through regranting, and setting up the required legal entities can be costly and time-consuming. Some countries’ tax codes only allow tax deductions for specific kinds of public benefit (e.g. education, poverty relief), which may preclude donations to e.g. longtermist or meta projects. While many in the community are working to solve this problem^[E.g. [RC Forward](https://rcforward.org/) (Canada), [EA Australia](https://effectivealtruism.org.au/), [Effektiv Spenden](https://www.effektiv-spenden.org/) (Germany / Switzerland), [Gi Effektivt](https://gieffektivt.no/) (Norway), [EA Funds](https://app.effectivealtruism.org/funds) (UK / US / Netherlands) etc.], it’s inevitable that there will still be gaps. And aside from these jurisdictional issues, there will always be the possibility that the highest-impact project on the margin isn’t even being run through a registered charity. 

By thinking in this way, you expose yourself to a much broader scope of potential impact. You can find the best charity in the world that champions the cause you care about, instead of settling for a local alternative. You can support talented people in your community who have exciting, potentially world-changing ideas for projects, and help them get off the ground. So, consider just donating less (by the amount of your marginal tax rate) to the projects you believe will have the greatest impact, and don’t sweat the tax deductibility!

***

# Addendum for Giving What We Can members

[Giving What We Can](https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/) members take a pledge to donate a percentage of income. While this is generally taken to be *pre-tax* income (under the assumption that donations are tax-deductible), members who don’t expect to receive a tax deduction for their donations [base their pledge on their *post-tax* income](https://www.givingwhatwecan.org/about-us/frequently-asked-questions/#44-what-do-you-mean-by-income). If you’re planning to apply the above method to the majority of your donations, you can simply select “My donations are primarily *not* tax deductible” when reporting your income, which will then prompt you to enter your post-tax income.

Donating effectively does not necessarily imply donating tax-deductibly

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Why you should give to a donor lottery this Giving Season

Donating effectively does not necessarily imply donating tax-deductibly